Hazem Ibrahim

Hazem Ibrahim

Ph.D. Candidate in Computer Science at NYU

I'm a PhD candidate in Computer Science at NYU, where I study how algorithms, data, and institutions create systematic inequalities in who is seen, heard, and valued. My work treats bias in socio-technical systems—social-media platforms, large language models, academic publishing—not as a bug in a single model but as an emergent property of tightly coupled computational and social processes.

My research is organized around three mechanisms: visibility bias (who sees what information), representational bias (how groups are portrayed), and institutional bias (how credit, access, and evaluation are allocated). I study these through an end-to-end approach that moves from measurement—building large-scale datasets and quantifying inequalities—to causation—designing field experiments and algorithmic audits that isolate how platform rules and human decisions jointly produce bias—to mitigation—proposing algorithmic and policy interventions. This work spans two empirical domains: social media and LLMs (auditing recommendation algorithms on YouTube and TikTok, measuring the political behavior of LLMs) and academia and bibliographic systems (uncovering citation manipulation and demonstrating racial and institutional biases in access to scientific knowledge).

My findings have been published in Nature, PNAS Nexus, Scientific Reports, and IEEE, and covered by outlets including Nature, Science, Scientific American, The Guardian, The Telegraph, and The Times. I was named to MIT Technology Review's Innovators Under 35 list in 2023. Prior to my PhD, I earned an M.Sc. from the University of Toronto and a B.Sc. from NYU Abu Dhabi.

Publications

Published

1. Systematic partisan content skews in TikTok during the 2024 U.S. elections

Hazem Ibrahim, Jang, H. D., et al.

Nature (2026)

First page of paper

Authors

Hazem Ibrahim, Jang, H. D., AlDahoul, N., Kaufman, A. R., Rahwan, T., and Zaki, Y.

Summary

Using 323 bot-driven audits over six months, this study reveals systematic partisan content skews in TikTok's recommendation algorithm during the 2024 U.S. presidential race. The platform exhibited measurable political bias in the content it surfaced to users.

2. Analyzing political stances on Twitter/X in the lead-up to the 2024 U.S. election

Hazem Ibrahim, Khan, F., et al.

PoliticalNLP Workshop at EACL (2026)

First page of paper

Authors

Hazem Ibrahim, Khan, F., T., Rahwan, T., and Zaki, Y.

Summary

This study analyzes 1,235 tweets from major U.S. political figures and 63,322 replies during the 2024 election using an LLM-based classification pipeline. Republican candidates authored significantly more criticism of the Democratic party than vice versa, while Republican-aligned users dominated reply activity across both parties' tweets. Key political events triggered measurable shifts in the ideological positioning of public discourse.

3. Citation manipulation through citation mills and pre-print servers

Hazem Ibrahim, Liu, F., et al.

Scientific Reports (2025)

First page of paper

Authors

Hazem Ibrahim, Liu, F., Zaki, Y., and Rahwan, T.

Summary

Through an undercover sting operation, this study provides conclusive evidence that academic citations can be purchased in bulk through citation boosting services. The bought citations appeared in a Scopus-indexed journal, revealing a systematic vulnerability in scholarly publishing integrity. The findings were covered by Nature and Science.

4. Heritage Language Maintenance: The Case of Bangladeshi Immigrants in Canada

Hazem Ibrahim, Sabie, D., et al.

Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal (IxD&A) (2025)

First page of paper

4. Heritage Language Maintenance: The Case of Bangladeshi Immigrants in Canada

Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal (IxD&A) (2025)

Authors

Hazem Ibrahim, Sabie, D., Roy, P., Bhattacharjee, A., Alam, S. M. R., Mim, N. J., and Ahmed, S. I.

Summary

This study interviews 20 Bangladeshi immigrant parents in Canada to explore the challenges they face in maintaining their children's heritage language, Bangla. The findings reveal cultural tensions, economic constraints, and infrastructural barriers to heritage language learning. Design implications are proposed for technologies supporting heritage language maintenance in immigrant communities.

5. Big tech dominance despite global mistrust

Hazem Ibrahim, Debicki, M., et al.

IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems (2024)

First page of paper

5. Big tech dominance despite global mistrust

IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems (2024)

Authors

Hazem Ibrahim, Debicki, M., Rahwan, T., and Zaki, Y.

Summary

This study examines global attitudes toward major technology companies, finding that despite widespread mistrust, big tech firms maintain market dominance. The research spans multiple countries and analyzes the disconnect between public sentiment and continued user dependence on these platforms.

6. YouTube's recommendation algorithm is left-leaning in the United States

Hazem Ibrahim, AlDahoul, N., et al.

PNAS Nexus (2023)

First page of paper

Authors

Hazem Ibrahim, AlDahoul, N., Lee, S., Rahwan, T., and Zaki, Y.

Summary

Through a large-scale algorithmic audit, this study reveals that YouTube's recommendation algorithm exhibits a left-leaning political bias in the United States. The findings challenge prior assumptions about the platform's role in political radicalization and contributed to public debate about algorithmic neutrality.

7. Rethinking homework in the age of artificial intelligence

Hazem Ibrahim, Asim, R., et al.

IEEE Intelligent Systems (2023)

First page of paper

Authors

Hazem Ibrahim, Asim, R., Zaffar, F., Rahwan, T., and Zaki, Y.

Summary

This paper examines the implications of conversational AI systems like ChatGPT for university homework assignments. It argues that traditional homework paradigms need rethinking given AI's growing capabilities and proposes alternative assessment approaches for the age of generative AI.

First page of paper

Authors

Hazem Ibrahim, Liu, F., Asim, R., Battu, B., Benabderrahmane, S., Alhafni, B., Adnan, W., Alhanai, T., AlShebli, B., Baghdadi, R., et al.

Summary

This study evaluates ChatGPT's performance across 32 university courses, finding it achieved comparable or superior grades to students in many cases. The research also assesses the detectability of AI-generated submissions, revealing that existing detection tools are largely ineffective when simple paraphrasing techniques are applied.

9. I tag, you tag, everybody tags!

Hazem Ibrahim, Asim, R., et al.

ACM IMC (2023)

First page of paper

Authors

Hazem Ibrahim, Asim, R., Varvello, M., and Zaki, Y.

Summary

This study evaluates the tracking performance of Apple AirTags and Samsung SmartTags across six countries over 120 days. Both tags achieve similar accuracy, locating objects within 100 meters in about 10 minutes. Half of a person's movements can be backtracked with 10-meter accuracy after just one hour, raising significant privacy concerns.

10. Gamification in online educational systems

Hazem Ibrahim and Ibrahim, W.

6th International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd'20) (2020)

First page of paper

10. Gamification in online educational systems

6th International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd'20) (2020)

Authors

Hazem Ibrahim and Ibrahim, W.

Summary

This paper reviews the application of gamification in online educational systems and its impact on student motivation and retention. While gamification initially boosts engagement, the effect diminishes as students become familiar with the system. Personalization of the gamified experience has been shown to sustain motivation over longer periods.

11. Multithreaded and reconvergent aware algorithms for accurate digital circuits reliability estimation

Ibrahim, W., and Hazem Ibrahim

IEEE Transactions on Reliability (2018)

First page of paper

Authors

Ibrahim, W., and Hazem Ibrahim

Summary

This paper introduces algorithms for estimating digital circuit reliability that account for reconvergent fan-out effects and use multithreading for efficiency. The proposed methods are as accurate as Bayesian network approaches while being up to five orders of magnitude faster, enabling practical reliability analysis of large-scale circuits.


Under Review

12. Causal evidence of racial and institutional biases in accessing paywalled articles and scientific data

Hazem Ibrahim, Liu, F., et al.

Revise and Resubmit at Science

13. Large language models are often politically extreme, usually ideologically inconsistent, and persuasive even in informational contexts

AlDahoul, N., Hazem Ibrahim, et al.

Revise and Resubmit at American Political Science Review

14. Inclusive content reduces racial and gender biases, yet non-inclusive content dominates popular media outlets

AlDahoul, N., Hazem Ibrahim, et al.

Under review at EPJ Data Science

15. Who Gets Seen in the Age of AI? Adoption Patterns of Large Language Models in Scholarly Writing and Citation Outcomes

Farhan, K., Hazem Ibrahim, et al.

Under review at Journal of Informetrics

16. A longitudinal analysis of racial and gender bias in New York Times and Fox News images and articles

Hazem Ibrahim, AlDahoul, N., et al.

Revise and Resubmit at ICWSM 2026

17. Neutralizing the Narrative: AI-Powered Debiasing of Online News Articles

Kuo, C. W., Chu, et al.

Under review at Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence

18. A Tale of Three Location Trackers: AirTag, SmartTag, and Tile

Jang, H. D., Hazem Ibrahim, et al.

Under review at IMC 2026


In Preparation

19. Structural inequalities in Hollywood representation across a century of film

Hazem Ibrahim, AlDahoul, N., et al.

In preparation

20. Two-thirds of citations to review papers belong to original research

Hazem Ibrahim, Liu, F., et al.

In preparation

21. Measuring the Political Ideology of LLMs Across 90 Countries

Omari, A., Hazem Ibrahim, et al.

In preparation

22. Examining propaganda on Telegram during the Russia/Ukraine War

Hazem Ibrahim, Holovatska, Y., et al.

In preparation

Teaching Experience & Service

Teaching and Guest Lectures

Academic Advising

Service

Media Coverage and Awards

Systematic partisan content skews in TikTok during the 2024 U.S. elections

Using 323 independent bot-driven audits, we tracked changes in TikTok's recommendation algorithm in the six months prior to the 2024 US presidential race. Our findings were covered by Nature, The Guardian, The Telegraph, El Pais, Der Standard, and NextShark.

tiktok_7 tiktok_4 tiktok_6 tiktok_5 tiktok_2 tiktok_3

Best Poster Award at AI4GS 2025

I was awarded the Best Poster Award for my poster on investigating racial and institutional biases in accessing paywalled articles and scientific data.

AI4GS Poster

ChatGPT and Homework

Our paper "Perception, Performance, and Detectability of Conversational Artificial Intelligence Across 32 University Courses" evaluated ChatGPT's ability to solve homework assignment. It was covered by news outlets worldwide: Scientific American, The Times, The Independent, Nature Asia, Government Tech, Daily Mail, The Daily Beast, New Scientist, EurekAlert!, Phys.org, The National, Neuroscience News, Nature Middle East.

gpt_1 gpt_2 gpt_3 gpt_4 gpt_5 gpt_6

Citation manipulation

We went under cover, contacted a "citation boosting service", and managed to buy citations that appeared in a Scopus-Indexed journal. Our sting operation provided conclusive evidence that citations can be bought in bulk. The findings were covered by Nature and Science.

scholar_1 scholar_2 scholar_3

YouTube's recommendation algorithm is left-leaning in the United States

Our paper "YouTube's recommendation algorithm is left-leaning in the United States" revealed a political bias in YouTube's algorithm. The paper was published in PNAS Nexus, and received media coverage from Daily Caller, American Council on Science and Health, The College Fix, PsyPost.

youtube_1 youtube_2 youtube_3

MIT Innovator Under 35 Award

I was awarded the MIT Innovator Under 35 Award in 2023 for my work on large language models and its impact on university education.

MIT Innovator Under 35 Award

Best Parallel Talk and Best Poster Awards at IC2S2 2024

I was awarded the Best Parallel Talk and Best Poster Awards at IC2S2 2024.

IC2S2 Awards